I.
Discourse
Analysis
Discourse is 'unity of meaning (semantic) turf in the wake of a
language'. (Yuwono, 2005: 92)
The state of the language elements refer to each other semantically
related and called cohesion. (Yuwono, 2005: 96)
Cohesion doesn't come by itself, but it is formally created by the
language tool, called cohesive markers, such as pronouns, demonstrative,
conjunctions, and repeated words. (Yuwono, 2005: 96)
Grammatical cohesion is a semantic relationship between ' elements are
traversed by the grammatical tools – language tools that are used with grammar
'. Grammatical cohesion has existed a reference, ellipsis, substitution,
conjunction. (Yuwono, 2005: 96)
Lexical cohesion is a semantic relationship between ' element forming
the discourse by utilizing the lexical elements or the word '. Lexical cohesion
can be realized by reiteration and collocation. (Yuwono, 2005: 98)
Coherence is 'acceptance of a speech or text as semantic coherence'.
Specifically, coherence is defined as "the relationship between text and
text by factors beyond someone's knowledge '. (Yuwono, 2005: 101)
II.
Analysis
a.
Cohesions in the news “Late-season storm kills 11 in central Philippines”
-
"A late-season storm expected to be the
last of the year in the Philippines has killed 11 people but spared a southern
region where more than 1,000 died in a powerful typhoon early this month, officials
said Friday." (first paragraph)
In the sentence above, the word "but" includes into the
grammatical cohesion in study of conjunction in sentence. The word
"but" connects it with its idea to the words "A late-season
storm expected to be the last of the year in the Philippines has killed 11
people." The word "but" becomes grammatical cohesion in the part
of conjunction because it is used to connect one idea with the other idea as a
relation in one sentence.
-
"The national disaster agency said three people
were killed when a tree fell on their house in Eastern Samar province, where Tropical
Storm Wukong made landfall on Christmas Day." (second paragraph)
In the sentence above, the word "their" is a grammatical
cohesion in the study of personal reference. The word "their" serves
as a substitute of the word "three people." It becomes
"their" being as a grammatical cohesion. So "their" becomes
grammatical cohesion in the part of personal reference because of being a
subtitute of its subject as a relation in sentence.
-
"The national disaster agency said three
people were killed when a tree fell on their house in Eastern Samar province,
where Tropical Storm Wukong made landfall on Christmas Day. Other deaths
occurred due to drowning and landslides as the storm slashed through central
islands." (second paragraph)
In the two sentences above, the word "other" which is in the
first word on second sentence is a lexical cohesion in the study of reiteration.
The word "other" explains its meaning as a synonym with adding word
"deaths", the words "other deaths" have similiar meaning
with the words "people were killed." There is a relation between
words that have similar meanings. So "Other" becomes a lexical
cohesion in the part of reiteration because of being a synonym as a relation in
sentence.
-
"No casualties were reported but many
houses near the river were damaged, said Efren Trinidad, assistant to Kalibo
Mayor William Lachica." (fifth
paragraph)
In the sentence above, the word "but" includes into the
grammatical cohesion in studies of conjunction in sentence. The word
"but" connects it with its idea to the words "No casualties were
reported." The word "but" becomes grammatical cohesion in the
part of conjunction because it is used to connect one idea with the other idea
as a relation in one sentence.
-
"The flooding was aggravated by the high
tide, preventing the river from emptying into the sea, Trinidad said. He said
canals were blocked by heavy silt brought down from nearby hills." (sixth
paragraph)
In the sentence above, the word "he" is a grammatical cohesion
in the study of personal references. The word "he" serves as a substitute
for the word "Trinidad." It causes "he" being as a
grammatical cohesion. So "he" becomes grammatical cohesion in the
part of personal references because of being a subtitute of its subject as a
relation in sentence.
-
"The moon was shining while we were being
flooded." (ninth paragraph)
In the sentence above, the word "we" is a grammatical cohesion
in the study of personal reference. The
word uses demonstrative "we" and serves as an object substitute out
of text. It causes "it" being a grammatical cohesion based on type of
object. So "it" becomes grammatical cohesion in the part of personal
reference because of being a subtitute of its subject as a relation in
sentence.
-
"The moon was shining while we were being
flooded. It was ironic," Trinidad said, explaining that rains fell mostly
over the mountains." (ninth paragraph)
In the two sentences above, the word "it" which is in the
first word on second sentence is a grammatical cohesion in the study of
demonstrative reference. The word uses
demonstrative "it" and serves as a substitute of the words "The
moon was shining while we were being flooded." It causes "it"
being a grammatical cohesion based on type of object. So "it" becomes
grammatical cohesion in the part of demonstrative reference because of being a
subtitute of its subject as a relation in sentence.
-
"It was ironic," Trinidad said, explaining
that rains fell mostly over the mountains. It was the 17th storm to hit the
country this year." (ninth and tenth paragraph)
In the two sentences above, the word "it" which is in the
first word on second sentence is a grammatical cohesion in the study of
demonstrative reference. The word uses
demonstrative "it" and serves as a substitute of the word "The
moon was shining while we were being flooded." It causes "it"
being a grammatical cohesion based on type of object. So "it" becomes
grammatical cohesion in the part of demonstrative reference because of being a
subtitute of its subject as a relation in sentence.
-
"Typhoon Bopha lashed the main southern
island of Mindanao early this month, killing at least 1,067 people and leaving
more than 800 missing. It triggered flash floods laden with mud, boulders and
uprooted trees that rampaged through farming communities, wiping out entire
villages." (eleventh paragraph)
In the two sentences above, the word "it" which is in the
first word on second sentence is a grammatical cohesion in the study of
demonstrative reference. The word uses
demonstrative "it" and serves as a substitute of the word
"rains." It causes "it" being a grammatical cohesion based
on type of object. So "it" becomes grammatical cohesion in the part
of demonstrative reference because of being a subtitute of its subject as a
relation in sentence.
-
"The typhoon caused nearly 37 billion pesos
($902 million) in damage to agriculture, property and infrastructure, making it
one of the worst storms to hit the country in recent years." (thirteenth
paragraph)
In the sentences above, the word "it" is a grammatical
cohesion in the study of demonstrative reference. The word uses demonstrative "it"
and serves as a substitute of the word "The typhoon." It causes
"it" being a grammatical cohesion based on type of object. So
"it" becomes grammatical cohesion in the part of demonstrative reference
because in the part of demonstrative reference of being a subtitute of its
subject as a relation in sentence.
b. Coherences in Snow
White plays
-
QUEEN: Mirror,
mirror on the wall, who's the fairest one of all?
MIRROR: What? Are you back again? You come to me twice
or three times a day and ask me that same question. What is the deal here? (page
1)
In the dialogue above, it includes a coherence as a connector between
Queen and Mirror. The words "who's the fairest one of all?" Means that
Queen wants to ask the mirror about who are the beautiful one. The same
questions are asked often times by Queen. The words "What? Are you back
again?" Means that Mirror is boring to hear Queen's questions again and
again. He should answer about the beautiful woman is, but there is no woman
excepts wondering questions back to Queen. In wondering, Mirror answers it by
speaking out of context. That causes a coherence in the conversation between
Queen and Mirror.
-
QUEEN: Thank
you, thank you. You sure know how to flatter a woman, you
big tease! (Realizing what he
just said.) Not me? What do you mean when you said, "not you"?
MIRROR: Do you need a dictionary? What part of “not
you” don't you understand? You’re not the best-looking babe in the kingdom.
(page 1)
In the dialogue above, it includes a coherence as a connector between
Queen and Mirror. It looks that Queen wants to ask the mirror why he talks
about the only one of beautiful woman is not her."Do you need a
dictionary?" Means Mirror feels dejected to Queen because of her question.
He should answer about explanation why he says "not you" to Queen,
but there is no explanation about it. He answers it out of context and wonders
Queen to look out a dictionary to convince herself. That causes a coherence in
the conversation between Queen and Mirror.
-
QUEEN: That's quite enough, Magic Mirror!
MIRROR: She
can do her make up in my mirror anytime!" (page 2)
In the dialogue above, it includes a coherence as a connector between
Queen and Mirror. It looks that Queen wants Mirror to shut up his mouth talking
about Snow White. The words "She can do her make up in my mirror
anytime!" means Mirror feels so interested with Snow White. He shouldn't
answer it by talking Snow White. He should answer by stopping to praise Snow
White. He answers out of context and compares Queen with Snow White. That causes
a coherence in the conversation between Queen and Mirror.
-
HUNTER: What do you want for dinner today,
Queenie? Deer, buffalo, or elk?
Maybe I can interest you in a
nice steak from a moose?
QUEEN: I
want you to kill Snow White! (page 6)
In the dialogue above, it includes a coherence as a connector between
Hunter and Queen. "What do you want for dinner today, Queenie? Deer,
buffalo, or elk?" it looks that Hunter wants to know what does Queen want
to eat. Then Queen answers with wrong sentence. The words "I want you to
kill Snow White!" mean that Queen wants Snow White to die. He doesn't
actually answer with that sentence. It should be foods like animal as an answers
of Hunter needs, but there is no explanation about it. Queen answers it out of
context and wants to eat Snow White by killing her. That causes a coherence in
the conversation between Hunter and Queen.
Late-season storm kills 11 in
central Philippines
Associated
Press, Manila | Fri, 12/28/2012 9:09 AM
| World
A
late-season storm expected to be the last of the year in the Philippines has
killed 11 people but spared a southern region where more than 1,000 died in a
powerful typhoon early this month, officials said Friday.
The
national disaster agency said three people were killed when a tree fell on
their house in Eastern Samar province, where Tropical Storm Wukong made
landfall on Christmas Day. Other deaths occurred due to drowning and landslides
as the storm slashed through central islands.
The
storm weakened into a low pressure area over the South China Sea off Palawan
province, southwest of Manila.
"The
worst is over," Civil Defense chief Benito Ramos said.
Officials
said heavy rain on mountains surrounding Kalibo, the capital of Aklan province
on Panay Island, caused a river running through the city to overflow and
triggered a flash flood late Wednesday. No casualties were reported but many houses
near the river were damaged, said Efren Trinidad, assistant to Kalibo Mayor
William Lachica.
The
flooding was aggravated by the high tide, preventing the river from emptying
into the sea, Trinidad said. He said canals were blocked by heavy silt brought
down from nearby hills.
The city
is the gateway to the famous island resort of Boracay, which was not affected.
"As
we were conducting rescue operations, flights were coming in because the
weather was fine.
The moon
was shining while we were being flooded. It was ironic," Trinidad said,
explaining that rains fell mostly over the mountains.
It was
the 17th storm to hit the country this year. Forecasters said no other
disturbances were expected through the end of the year, which also marks the
end of the rainy season.
Typhoon
Bopha lashed the main southern island of Mindanao early this month, killing at
least 1,067 people and leaving more than 800 missing.
It
triggered flash floods laden with mud, boulders and uprooted trees that
rampaged through farming communities, wiping out entire villages.
The
typhoon caused nearly 37 billion pesos ($902 million) in damage to agriculture,
property and infrastructure, making it one of the worst storms to hit the
country in recent years.
(Downloaded at www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/12/28/late-season-storm-kills-11-in-central-philippines
on December 28, 2012.)
SNOW
WHITE
by Karl
B. Peterson
Copyright
1995
Karl B.
Peterson
Scene 1
Interior
of the castle. Enter the QUEEN. She
crosses over to the magic mirror.
QUEEN:
Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the fairest one of all?
MIRROR:
What? Are you back again? You come to me twice or three times a day and ask me
that same question. What is the deal here?
QUEEN: I
want to know if I am the fairest woman in the kingdom.
MIRROR:
Why is it you need so much
reassurance?
Is your self image that bad? You don't need a magic mirror—you need a
therapist.
QUEEN:
What I DON'T need is your advice. Now,
answer my question! Say one of those
witty poems you do like, "Roses are red: violets are
blue. Fairest in the kingdom is the one and only
you," or Roses are red: daises are white, If you think you're best, you
sure are right." Ready? Hit it.
MIRROR:
Okay, okay. Roses are red: violets are
blue. The best-looking babe is someone else, not you.
QUEEN:
Thank you, thank you. You sure know how to flatter a woman, you big tease!
(Realizing
what he just said.) Not me? What do you mean when you said, "not
you"?
MIRROR:
Do you need a dictionary? What part of “not you” don't you understand? You’re
not the best-looking babe in the kingdom.
QUEEN:
(Throwing a temper tantrum.) Well, why not? I do aerobic exercises every day,
eat a low-fat diet, and I bought one of those exercise bikes that have the big
fan for a wheel.
MIRROR: Not good enough. Somebody is still doing
better than you are.
QUEEN: If
it isn't me, then who is it?
MIRROR:
Roses are red. The sun is so bright. The
best-looking woman is called Snow White.
QUEEN:
Snow White?
MIRROR:
That's what I said.
QUEEN: My
step daughter? The one I command to wash the floors of the castle?
MIRROR: Uh-huh.
QUEEN:
The girl I dress in rags, command to scrub the entire castle with nothing more
than an old toothbrush?
MIRROR:
And the girl with the perfect white skin, no age spots, knock out figure and
skin wouldn't know a pimple if she fell over it.
QUEEN:
But I work night and day on my beauty, wear the latest in medieval fashions,
and use every beauty aide available!
MIRROR:
But Snow White just naturally looks good.
QUEEN:
(To the audience.) I hate her.
MIRROR:
Have you seen her since she got that make over? All the knights think she's hot
enough to burn through solid steel. (He howls like a wolf.)
QUEEN:
That's quite enough, Magic Mirror!
MIRROR:
She can do her make up in my mirror anytime!
QUEEN:
You're forgetting who's mirror you are!
MIRROR:
I'm yours, Queenie, but if you want to give me to her as a birthday present,
I'm willing! (The QUEEN storms off stage left.)
Blackout
Scene 2
Outside
of the castle
Enter
Snow White dressed in rags and carrying a bucket and a toothbrush to scrub the
courtyard of the castle. She kneels down and starts scrubbing.
SNOW:
Scrub, scrub, scrub—that's all I ever do! Scrub this, Snow White. Wash that.
Snow White. Have this dry cleaned by five o'clock so I can go to the ball at
the neighboring castle, Snow White. I
hate doing all this cleaning! And at minimum wage no less! Why didn't I stay in
school and get an education? (Upset.) Look at my
hands! (Changing her mind.)
They're .
. . well, beautiful. I have beautiful hands. I have a beautiful face. Quite
frankly, I am very beautiful.
The queen
thinks she's beautiful, but have you noticed how she's been putting on weight
lately? And if you take a good look at her skin it's getting
pretty
wrinkled. I think the visits to the
tanning
salon are finally catching up with her.
I never go to the tanning salons. As a matter of fact, I never go
anywhere without my sun blocker. It's Spf 70-the highest you can buy. I
love my
alabaster skin. My dear father named me for my skin. Oh, I forgot to introduce
myself to you. I am "Snow White." Did you hear that? "Snow
White." If I tanned I would have to change my name as well as be the
victim of premature aging.
QUEEN:
(offstage.) Snow White, quit talking to the audience and get back to work!
SNOW: That's the queen. She's my stepmother. I
don't want to sound mean but I don't like her very much. It's very unfeminine
to say you hate someone but I think I hate her. She has all the nice clothes
and I'm stuck wearing junk like this. (Looking at her reflection in the
bucket.) But even in rags I am attractive.
QUEEN:
(Offstage.) Get to work, Snow White! Any slower and I'd have to time you with a
calendar!
SNOW:
Well, it's been nice talking to you. I hope you are enjoying the show. I better get back to work.
(She
starts scrubbing. In flies a little bird, it chirps to SNOW WHITE. PRINCE
CHARMING enters unnoticed by SNOW WHITE.)
Yes,
scrubbing the floor again. (Bird chirps.) I finished washing all the dishes and
shining the silver. (Bird chirps.) I
know it's a dog's life. I must have "kick me" written all over my
face. (Bird chirps.) It's just an
expression. Oh, how I wish I were a little bird like you and I could fly over
these castle walls and see all the things I've never seen and meet all the
people I'll never meet —especially young, good-looking, rich princess
like him.
(She doesn't realize she just saw the prince for a moment but then does a
double-take and notices PRINCE PRINCE.) Oh!
(She hurriedly tries to straighten her dress and fix her hair.)
I didn't
hear you come in.
PRINCE:
Part of being exceptionally suave is walking very gracefully. Who were you
talking to just now?
SNOW:
Just a little bird. This little bird talks to me and I talk to it. He's the only friend I have in the whole
world. We're very close.
PRINCE:
You talk to birds?
SNOW:
Yes.
PRINCE:
And the bird talks back?
SNOW: Uh
huh.
PRINCE:
And you understand what the bird says, right?
SNOW:
That's right.
PRINCE:
Huh. Pardon me for asking, but have you been drinking?
SNOW: No.
Why?
PRINCE:
No reason. (Gives the audience a look that says "She's bizarre!")
SNOW: Do
you think it's strange to talk to birds?
PRINCE: I
wouldn't call it all that common. But what's really nut so is thinking the bird
can talk back. Let's me introduce myself. I.M. Charming.
SNOW:
Rather stuck on yourself, don't you think?
PRINCE:
No, no, that's my name. "I" period. "M" period. Charming.
SNOW: I.
M. Charming. I mean you are Charming.
PRINCE:
No, U. R. Charming is my brother.
SNOW:
That's not what I mean. What I meant was —
PRINCE:
It's quite all right. I'm used to the confusion that being a Charming can
cause. Because of the name problem most people just call me
Charming.
SNOW:
Prince Charming.
PRINCE:
That's me.
SNOW: You
really are charming. And handsome too!
PRINCE:
Thank you. And you are?
SNOW:
Snow White. I'm the step daughter to the wicked queen. I mean my wicked step
mother. I mean the queen.
PRINCE:
Have you always had a problem with stuttering?
SNOW: No,
I haven't always had a problem. I mean, yes, I haven't ever had a problem with—
oh, never mind, Prince Charming.
PRINCE: I
sense you don't like the queen.
SNOW: She
makes me scrub the entire castle night and day, seven days a week. Can you see
why I don't buy her expensive Christmas gifts?
PRINCE:
You're the queen's step daughter?
SNOW:
Yes.
PRINCE: I
take it you wear these rags as a fashion statement or are you trying to
dramatize the plight of the working class as they are repressed by the
land-holding aristocracy?
SNOW:
Huh? I mean yes. I have always deeply
involved in politics.
PRINCE:
Which form of government do you feel is best--democracy, republic, oligargy, or
monarchy?
SNOW:
Well that all depends
PRINCE:
On what?
SNOW: On
which ever you like. My, you're handsome!
PRINCE:
No, I'm Charming—Handsome is my uncle.
SNOW: So
what brings you to our castle?
PRINCE: I
came to meet the queen. She's a widow and I came to check her out—I mean to
introduce myself. I'm looking for a new wife.
SNOW:
What happened to your old wife?
PRINCE:
Cinderella? She had a love for mice and pumpkins that seemed ... I don't know .
. a little scary. Kind of like the way
you feel about birds.
SNOW: Me?
Like birds? What do you mean?
PRINCE:
You just told me that bird was your only friend you had in the world.
SNOW: Oh,
I was just teasing. I hate birds. As a matter of fact, we eat a big turkey
every Thanksgiving.
QUEEN:
(Offstage.) Snow White?
SNOW:
Yes, evil stepmother-I mean evil queen- I mean Your Highness?
QUEEN:
(Offstage.) Who are you talking to?
SNOW: I.
M. Charming.
QUEEN:
Rather stuck on yourself, don't you think?
SNOW: No,
that's his name. He's the prince from the kingdom just down the road, second
drawbridge on the left.
QUEEN:
Well, Just don't stand there drooling all over his boots! Send him in!
SNOW:
This way.
PRINCE:
Thank you.
SNOW: By
the way, the queen is much too old for you.
PRINCE:
She is?
SNOW:
MUCH too old. If you are looking for a new wife, I'm young and single and . . .
interested. Would you like to stop by and see me some time?
PRINCE: You're young.
SNOW:
Yes?
PRINCE:
And beautiful.
SNOW:
Yes?
PRINCE:
And you dress like a bag lady.
SNOW: Oh.
PRINCE:
(Starting to exit.) But if you get some better clothes maybe we'll see what can
happen.
SNOW: Oh!
(Exit PRINCE CHARMING.)
SNOW:
He's so handsome and available and, well, charming! He hates me in these
clothes, so that shows a heightened sense of fashion. (Exit
SNOW
WHITE right.)
Scene 3
Interior
of the castle. Enter the QUEEN from right.
QUEEN:
Send in the Royal Hunter! (Enter HUNTER from left.) Hunter!
HUNTER:
What do you want for dinner today, Queenie? Deer, buffalo, or elk? Maybe I can
interest you in a nice steak from a moose?
QUEEN: I
want you to kill Snow White!
HUNTER:
Kill Snow White? I'm sorry but my Royal
Hunting Permit doesn't allow me to do in other fairy tale characters. But I tell you what I can do. I've been seeing some really nice elk up in
the east mountain. Maybe I could
interest you in one of those?
QUEEN: I don't want to eat her, I want her dead
because she she's more beautiful than I am--at least that's what my mirror
says.
HUNTER:
You want her dead?
QUEEN:
Yes.
HUNTER:
Just because she looks better than you.
(She
glares at him.) According to the mirror's opinion. Now, Queenie, I know it's not my place to
question your decisions, but don't you think killing someone just because you
think she's
better
looking than you is overreacting to the situation?
QUEEN: I
don't care. I want her dead!
HUNTER:
Don't you think it would make more sense to spend some time with the royal
psychiatrist first?
QUEEN:
Are you implying that I'm crazy?
HUNTER:
You? Crazy? Just because you want to kill someone for looking good? Just
because you spend every waking moment worrying about your looks? Just because
you work all day
exercising
and using every crazy beauty aide that comes along instead of looking out for
the welfare of the kingdom. No. I wouldn't call that
crazy. I
CALL THAT INSANE!
QUEEN:
Let me put it into words that even you can understand. Kill SnowWhite or I'll
have you killed!
HUNTER:
You'll kill me if I don't kill her?
QUEEN:
Yes.
HUNTER:
You'd do that?
QUEEN: In
a heartbeat. (She bursts out laughing and crossing to his right.) Sorry, just a
little joke to keep the tension down. (She grabs him by the
front of
his clothes.) Don't mess with me, Hunter, or you'll definitely be sorry. I am woman: hear me roar. (She growls like a
tiger.)
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